Continuing from our previous article, should we buy stocks as a hedge against price inflation? The answer to this question is not so straightforward.
In normal circumstances, some stocks are a good hedge against the garden-variety types of price inflation (or even beat inflation spectacularly) because their earnings power can increase faster than the general rise in prices. But in times of hyperinflation, when the real economy deteriorates, it will be increasingly difficult to find such a business.
First, let’s take a look at the past from this research report,
The 1970s were a period of accelerating inflation and poor equity returns in the US. By December 1980, the federal funds rate stood at 20%, and the ten-year Treasury peaked at 15.3% in September 1981. From December 31, 1968 to December 31, 1981, the S&P 500 returned 1.28 % per annum in nominal terms and -6% in real returns. Put another way, a dollar invested in the US stock market at the end of 1968 twelve years later was worth roughly 45 cents in real terms.
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In the US, there is substantial empirical evidence that high inflation is associated with a high equity risk premium and declining stock prices. Bodie (1976) found from 1953-1972 that common stocks were poor hedges against inflation. Cohn and Lessard (1980) also found that stock prices in many industrial countries are negatively related to nominal interest rates and inflation.
It is important to make the distinction between properly anticipated inflation, and unanticipated inflation. If inflation is correctly anticipated and if companies can in fact pass on costs of doing business, then nominal cash flows should be unaffected by a general increase in prices. However, as inflation rises, it tends to become more uncertain and a component of price increases may not be properly anticipated by firms. Blanchard (1993) found that ?an unexpected increase in inflation in year 0 leads to a sharp decrease in stock prices in that year.?
There are a couple of ways to see why price inflation and stock prices are negatively correlated:
- In times of high inflation, interest rates are high. Therefore, bonds may prove better value than stocks relatively.
- Investors demand higher returns from stocks to compensate against higher price inflation. The lower the price paid for stocks, the higher yield returned by the stocks and thus, the higher the returns on investments.
On the other hand, we have examples in history where hyperinflation do wonders for stock prices. For example, in 2007, Zimbabwe had the world’s best performing stock market- stocks actually rose faster than price inflation:

Zimbabwe Industrial Index up till 2007
Despite these two seeming contradictory real-life examples, one thing is clear: everything else being equal, unexpected rise in price inflation will lead to compressed valuation of stocks due to a rise in discount rates used to value stocks. In other words, PE ratio can decrease (in the context of rising earnings) even though stock prices can still rise in nominal terms. In the case of the US stock market in the 1970s, this led to negative returns in real terms. But in Zimbabwe’s case, stocks actually had good positive returns in real terms. But make no mistake: as we quoted Marc Faber in our previous article, such positive returns are the result of rising speculative bubbles in the stock market abetted by the printing of money.
If you believe that the (1) US are going the path of Zimbabwe-style money printing and (2) the stock market hit record high due to speculation, does it mean that you should rush to buy any stocks as a hedge?
Here, you have to be careful. The dizzy heights of stock prices in the Zimbabwean stock market have a survivorship bias. With real GDP deteriorating and sky-rocketing unemployment in that country, we are sure many Zimbabwean public companies are dropping dead like flies. That means, there will be many stocks whose prices went to zero. If you happen to hold one of them, you will suffer loss in nominal terms in a hyper-inflationary environment.
Also, stellar stock market performance that are induced by money printing are, at the end of the day, bubbles. Bubbles can easily burst.
Thus, if you are considering holding stocks as a price inflation hedge, you will have to choose the stocks very carefully. The wrong choice will lead to (1) losses in real terms at the very least or (2) a possible wipe-out in the context of a highly dysfunctional economy.